Dr. Susan La Flesche Picotte: A Trailblazer in Medicine and Advocacy

Dr. Susan La Flesche Picotte: A Trailblazer in Medicine and Advocacy

Dr. Susan La Flesche Picotte, a trailblazing Native American woman, broke barriers in medicine and advocacy. Her life began on the Omaha Reservation to later become the first Native American woman to earn a medical degree. Her story is one of resilience, compassion, and dedication to her community. 

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Susan La Flesche Picotte was born on June 17, 1865, on the Omaha Reservation in Nebraska. She was the youngest of four children in a family with mixed Omaha, Ponca, Iowa, French, and Anglo-American heritage. Her father, Joseph La Flesche (Iron Eye), was a prominent leader of the Omaha tribe, and her mother, Mary Gale (One Woman), was of Omaha, Otoe, and Iowa heritage.

Early Life and Education

From a young age, Susan witnessed the poor health conditions and lack of medical care on the reservation. A pivotal moment came when she saw a sick Indian woman die because the local white doctor refused to treat her. This tragedy inspired Susan to pursue a career in medicine to provide care for her people.

Susan attended school on the reservation until 14 years old, She moved to New Jersey to attend the Elizabeth Institute for Young Ladies. After graduation, she returned to the Omaha Reservation and taught at the Quaker Mission School. Encouraged by Alice Fletcher, an ethnologist working at the school, Susan decided to pursue formal medical training.

Medical Education and Career

Susan enrolled at the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, a Historically Black College and University (HBCU) that is still in existence as Hampton University. Later, she applied to the Woman’s Medical College of Pennsylvania with the help of Alice Fletcher. She received scholarship funds from the U.S. Office of Indian Affairs. She graduated as valedictorian of her class in 1889, becoming the first Native American woman to earn a medical degree.

After completing her internship in Philadelphia, Susan returned to the Omaha Reservation to provide healthcare to her people. She served over 1,300 people across 450 square miles, often making house calls on horseback or by horse-drawn buggy. Susan also worked to improve public health on the reservation by promoting good hygiene, food sanitation, and the prevention of tuberculosis.

Advocacy and Legacy

Susan La Flesche Picotte was not only a physician but also a passionate advocate for her community. She campaigned for the formal allotment of land to Omaha tribe members and worked to discourage alcohol consumption on the reservation. Susan also helped Omaha people navigate the bureaucracy of the Office of Indian Affairs to receive the money owed to them for the sale of their land.

Susan La Flesche Picotte married Henry Picotte, a Sioux Indian from the Yankton agency, in 1894. In 1913, Susan achieved her dream of opening a hospital on the reservation named Memorial Hospital. The hospital in Walthill, Nebraska served both Native and non-Native patients and included general wards, private wards, a maternity ward, and an operating room.

Susan La Flesche Picotte passed away on September 18, 1915 in Walthill, Nebraska at 50. years old Her legacy lives on through her contributions to medicine and her tireless advocacy for the health and well-being of her people. To learn more about Susan La Flesche Picotte, click here.

A Legacy of Valor: John Kinsel and the Unbreakable Navajo Code

A Legacy of Valor: John Kinsel and the Unbreakable Navajo Code

In honor of Native American Heritage Month, the United States Marine Corps Birthday and Veterans Day, we honor John Kinsel, Sr., a Navajo Code Talker during World War II.

John Kinsel Sr., born in Lukachukai, Arizona in the Navajo Nation to Harvey Kinsel and Atta Chee Kinsel, dedicated his life to his family and heritage. He had a rough childhood, losing his father and younger brother at 2 years old. After finishing high school, Kinsel enlisted in the U.S. Marine Corps in 1942 during World War II.

WW II Navajo Code Talker

Young Navajos, including Kinsel, responded to the call for Code Talkers. They were a group of Native Americans who used their languages to create an unbreakable code for military communications. This code helped secure victory for U.S. forces in the Pacific Theater. Kinsel joined the second group of Navajo code talkers trained at Camp Elliott in San Diego, California. He saw action in some of the most intense battles, including Guadalcanal, Guam, Bougainville, and Iwo Jima. He was wounded during combat on Iwo Jima but continued to serve with bravery and dedication.

John Kinsel Sr.

After the war, Kinsel returned to Lukachukai and built a home for his family. He remained a steadfast figure in his community, participating in local events and initiatives to preserve Navajo traditions and language. He inspired many with his enduring spirit and wisdom, becoming a symbol of bravery and cultural pride.

John Kinsel Sr. passed away peacefully at the age of 107, leaving behind a profound legacy of service, sacrifice, and love for his homeland.

To learn more about the life and legacy of John Kinsel, Sr., click here.

The 1898 Wilmington Uprising: A Dark Chapter in American History

The 1898 Wilmington Uprising: A Dark Chapter in American History

I originally published this information about the 1898 Wilmington Massacre in my Family Jewels blog in September 2022. Because of the current political climate and tension that many have been experiencing with this election, I felt that people sometimes need a reminder that history repeats itself. 

January 6, 2021 wasn’t the first political riot aimed at overthrowing the party in power. Thoughout American history, riots have happened for various reasons. Contrary to popular belief, rioting was not invented by African Americans; we learned by example. Race riots have scarred America’s past, starting with the treatment of the Native Americans. White supremacists feared Black political and economic power. This fear, arguably stemming from the potential for retribution due to slavery, was real no matter how irrational. Fearing Black control of city and county politcs, whites orchestrated campaigns of violence and intimidation. 

Hamburg, South Carolina

The Hamburg Massacre, also known as the Red Shirt Massacre, took place in July 1876. Southern Democrats aimed to regain control of the majority Black Republican district of Edgefield in Aiken County, South Carolina. They sought to suppress Black voting and civil rights through intimidation and violence. The Red Shirts, members of white supremacist rifle clubs, wanted to reclaim control due to “negro rule.” “Negro rule” was Blacks holding city political power through elections and appointments during the Reconstruction era. Several incidents preceded the massacre, including an attack by over 100 Red Shirts on 30 Black National Guardsmen at an armory, the torture and murder of four Black militiamen, and the killing of 100 Black citizens of Ellenton in Aiken County, South Carolina.

Wilmington Massacre

Another similar incident hits closer to home for me— the Wilmington Massacre of 1898. Wilmington, North Carolina, thrived as an integrated port city with a significant Black middle class. The city of Wilmington had a biracial Fusionist government. The Fusionist Party, formed in the 1890s through an alliance between the Populist Party and the Republican Party. It aimed to challenge the Democratic Party’s dominance. The Democratic Party (different from today’s party) enacted policies disenfranchising African Americans and marginalizing poor white farmers. The Fusionists promoted economic reforms, improved public education, and ensured fair political representation for all citizens, regardless of race. In the 1894 and 1896 elections, the Fusionists gained significant political power in North Carolina, leading to the election of a multiracial government in Wilmington.

Fearing the political and economic power of Black citizens, white supremacists conspiredto overthrow the elected government if it didn’t favor them. On November 10, 1898, around 2,000 white men, led by the “Secret Nine” and the Red Shirts, attacked the city. They burned down the office of the Black-owned newspaper, The Daily Record, and expelled Black and white political Fusionist party leaders from Wilmington. The white supremacists ousted those in power, overthrew the city government and installed their own mayor, police chief and other city officials. The violence resulted in an estimated 14 to 300 deaths of Black residents and detroyed proprty in  the thriving Black community. The riot displaced thousands of African Americans, most of whom fled north. 

The coup transformed North Carolina politics, ushering in more severe racial segregation and disenfranchisement of African Americans. In response to this event, North Carolina enacted some of the harshest Jim Crow laws in the country, which persisted until the Civil Rights Movement over 65 years later. It stands as the only successful coup d’état in U.S. history.

To learn more about the 1898 Wilmington Massacre, click these links for History.com and PBS.

To read The Family Jewels blog, click here.

Sheila Michaels: The Feminist Who Gave Us ‘Ms.’

Sheila Michaels: The Feminist Who Gave Us ‘Ms.’

Sheila Michaels’ legacy was marked by her relentless pursuit of equality and her role in transforming societal norms regarding women’s titles. Her efforts helped pave the way for greater gender equality and recognition of women’s independence.

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Sheila Michaels, born on May 8, 1939, in St. Louis, Missouri, grew up in a complex family environment. Her mother, Alma Weil, was a playwright and theatrical producer, while her biological father, Ephraim London, was a civil rights attorney. Raised initially by her maternal grandparents in New York City, Sheila later returns to live with her mother and stepfather, Harry H. Kessler. She took her stepfather’s last name, Kessler.

Feminist and Activist

She attended the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia but was expelled for writing anti-segregation articles for the school newspaper. Her mother and stepfather disowned her because they disapproved of her political activism. She also requested that she not use Kessler as her surname; she returned to being Sheila Michaels. In the 1960s, Sheila became deeply involved in the Civil Rights Movement, working with the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). Her activism led her to seek a title for women that is not dependent on marital status.

She championed the use of “Ms.,” a term she first encountered on a mailing label. The misspelling was a typographical error, however she ran with it, making it a moniker for women. In 1969, during a radio interview, she suggested “Ms.” as a title for women, which caught the attention of feminist Gloria Steinem. This led to the widespread adoption of “Ms.” and the launch of the magazine “Ms.” in 1972.

Ms.

Sheila Michaels did receive recognition for her work, particularly for her role in popularizing the title “Ms.” While she did not achieve widespread fame during her lifetime, her contributions were acknowledged by feminist circles and later by the broader public. Her efforts were instrumental in promoting gender equality and changing societal norms regarding women’s titles.

Sheila’s contributions extended beyond feminism. In 1975, she traveled to Laos to work with children injured during the Vietnam War. She also worked as an oral historian, documenting the experiences of civil rights activists, and even drove a taxi in New York City for a decade. She died from leukemia on June 22, 2017.

Her work gained more attention posthumously, with various articles and obituaries highlighting her impact on the feminist movement and the English language. Michaels’ legacy continues to be celebrated for its lasting influence on how women are addressed and perceived in society. To learn more about Sheila Michaels, click here.

Pioneering Oncologist: The Life and Legacy of Jane Cooke Wright

Pioneering Oncologist: The Life and Legacy of Jane Cooke Wright

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Dr. Jane Cooke Wright was pioneering oncologist whose innovative work in chemotherapy transformed cancer treatment. She developed groundbreaking techniques using human tissue cultures to test drug effects on cancer cells. By doing so, she greatly advancing the field. 

The Influences of Dr. Jane Cooke Wright

Dr. Jane Cooke Wright was born on November 20, 1919, in New York City to Corinne Cooke, a public school teacher, and Dr. Louis Tompkins Wright, one of the first African Americans to graduate from Harvard Medical School. Her father was one of the first African American graduates from Harvard Medical School and a pioneering surgeon. He established the Cancer Research Foundation at Harlem Hospital. Growing up, Jane attended private schools in New York City, Harlem and the Bronx. Her father set a high standard for Jane and she followed in his footsteps, pursuing a career in medicine.

Education

Dr. Jane Cooke Wright attended Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1942. She graduated with honors from New York Medical College (part of Touro College) in 1945 and completed her internship at Bellevue Hospital. She joined the Cancer Research Foundation at Harlem Hospital in 1949, focusing on chemotherapy.

Career

Wright then served as chief resident at Harlem Hospital, collaboratings with her father in cancer research. Wright made groundbreaking contributions to cancer research. She developed innovative techniques for administering chemotherapy and was instrumental in testing new drugs on human tissue cultures. Her work significantly advanced the field of oncology, making chemotherapy a more effective treatment for cancer patients.

In addition to her research, Wright held several prestigious positions. By 1967, she became the highest-ranking African American woman in a U.S. medical institution, holding positions as a professor of surgery and the head of the cancer chemotherapy department. She was also the associate dean at New York Medical College.  Her leadership and expertise earned her numerous accolades, including being the first woman elected president of the New York Cancer Society in 1971.

ASCO Dr. Wright

Life

Dr. Wright married David D. Jones Jr.,  a Harvard Law School graduate,  in 1947. They  had two daughters, Jane Wright Jones and Alison Jones. Despite her demanding career, Wright balanced her professional and personal life,  often emphasizing the importance of family. She was also an honorary member of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated.

Dr. Jane Cooke Wright made numerous groundbreaking contributions to the field of oncology with her chemotherapy techniques, leadership roles in the field, as president of the New York Cancer Society and as the co-founder of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), an organization dedicated to advancing cancer research and improving patient care.

Legacy

Dr. Jane Cooke Wright passed away on February 19, 2013 due to natural causes at the age of 93 in Guttenberg, NJ. Dr. Wright’s work has had a lasting impact on the field of oncology, and her legacy continues to inspire future generations of medical professionals. To learn more about Dr. Wright, click here.